Efeitos dos probióticos no perfil lipídico: revisão sistemática / Effects of probiotics on the lipid profile: systematic review

As alterações na microbiota intestinal podem modular mecanismos envolvendo fatores de risco para doenças cardiovasculares, incluindo as dislipidemias. O objetivo foi revisar os efeitos da suplementação de probióticos na prevenção e no tratamento de alterações do perfil lipídico. As pesquisas foram feitas na base de dados PubMed, com os descritores "probiotics and lipid profile" e "probiotics and dyslipidemia", em artigos publicados entre 2013 e 2018. A suplementação com probióticos reduziu significativamente o colesterol total, o colesterol LDL (lipoproteína de baixa densidade) e os triglicerídeos, assim como aumentou o colesterol HDL (lipoproteína de alta densidade). Alguns benefícios foram observados sobre variáveis antropométricas, de controle glicêmico, de estresse oxidativo, de inflamação e do sistema imune. O presente estudo sugere que a suplementação de probióticos seja indicada como tratamento coadjuvante às dislipidemias. Novos estudos devem ser desenvolvidos com a finalidade de esclarecer os efeitos de longo prazo, assim como a influência dos probióticos em associação com o tratamento medicamentoso

Alterations in the intestinal microbiota can modulate mechanisms involving risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, including dyslipidemias The objective was to review the effects of probiotic supplementation on the prevention and treatment of changes to the lipid profile. The searches were run on the PubMed database, using the descriptors "probiotics and lipid profile" and "probiotics and dyslipidemia," with publication dates restricted to 2013 to 2018. Supplementation with probiotics significantly reduced total cholesterol, LDL-c, and triglycerides and increased HDL-c. Some benefits were observed on anthropometric variables, glycemic control, oxidative stress, inflammation, and immune system. The present study suggests that probiotic supplementation should be indicated as adjunctive treatment for dyslipidemias. Further studies should be developed to clarify long-term effects, as well as the influence of probiotics in combination with drug therapy

Efeitos do consumo de alimentos funcionais no perfil lipídico e estado nutricional de idosos / Effects of functional foods consumption on the lipid profile and nutritional status of elderly

Fundamentos: O consumo de alimentos funcionais (AF), como aveia e linhaça, representa estratégia segura e eficaz para reduzir o risco de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNT). Objetivo: Analisar o efeito da suplementação alimentar com farinha de linhaça marrom ou com aveia em flocos no índice de massa corporal (IMC), na circunferência da cintura (CC) e no perfil lipídico de idosos. Métodos: Estudo longitudinal controlado, randomizado, com duração de oito semanas, realizado com 60 indivíduos idosos (idade ≥60 anos), avaliados em três momentos: basal (T0), em quatro semanas (T1) e em oito semanas (T2) após o início do estudo. Peso, altura e CC foram mensurados e amostras de sangue coletadas. Os voluntários foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em grupo-controle (GC), grupo-linhaça (GL) e grupo-aveia (GA).Resultados: IMC e CC não se alteraram significativamente ao longo do estudo nos grupos. O GA mostrou reduçãode 18,4% nos níveis de colesterol total (CT) no plasma em relação ao GL ao final do período de estudo (p<0,05).O GA demonstrou ainda, em T2, valores 30,4% mais baixos de LDL colesterol do que os grupos GL e GC (p<0,05). Por outro lado, o GL apresentou elevação de 12,0% nos níveis de triglicerídeos de T0 para T2 (p<0,05). Conclusão: A suplementação com alimentos funcionais foi benéfica para redução do CT e do LDL colesterol.

Background: The consumption of functional foods (FF), as oat and linseed, is a safe and efficient strategy for reducing the risk of non-transmissible chronic diseases (NTCD). Objective: Analyzing the effect of food supplementation with brown linseed flour or oat in flakes on the body mass index (BMI), on the waist circumference (WC) and on the lipid profile of elderly.Methods: Longitudinal controlled, randomized study, with duration of eight weeks, made with 60 senior individuals (age > 60 years), evaluated at three moments: baseline (T0), four weeks (T1) and eight weeks (T2) after the study started. Weight, height and WCwere measured and blood samples were collected. Volunteers were randomly divided into control group (CG), linseed group (LG) and oat group (OG).Results: BMI and WC have not changed significantly throughout the study in any group. OG showed reduction of 18.4% in the total cholesterol (TC) levels in the plasma compared to LG in the end of the study period (p<0.05). OG showed also, at T2, values 30.4% lower for LDL cholesterol than LG and CG (p<0.05). On the other hand, LG showed increase of 12.0% in the triglycerides levels from T0 to T2 (p<0.05). Conclusion: The supplementation with functional foods was beneficial for reducing the TC and LDL cholesterol.

Effects of aqueous extract of Berberis integerrima root on some physiological parameters in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Diabetes mellitus is a common endocrine disorder. Anti-diabetic agents from natural and synthetic sources are available for the treatment of this disease. Berberis integerrima is a medicinal shrub used in conventional therapy for a number of diseases. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of aqueous extract of Berberis integerrima root [AEBI] on some physiological parameters in normal and streptozotocin-induced [STZ-induced] diabetic male Wistar rats. STZ-induced diabetic rats showed significant increases in the levels of blood glucose, triglycerides [TG], total cholesterol [TC], low density lipoprotein LDL-cholesterol [LDL-C], creatinine [Cr], urea, alanine aminotransferase [ALT], aspartate aminotransferase [AST], alkaline phosphatase [ALP], total bilirubin while body weight, high density lipoprotein HDL-cholesterol [HDL-C] and total protein levels were significantly decreased compared to normal rats. Treatment of diabetic rats with different doses of aqueous extract of Berberis integerrima root [250 and 500 mg/Kg bw] resulted in a significant decrease in blood glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, ALT, AST, ALP, total bilirubin, creatinine and urea while HDL-cholesterol and total protein levels were markedly increased after six weeks compared to untreated diabetic rats. The effects of the AEBI at dose of 500 mg/Kg in all parameters except blood glucose [similar] is more than to the standard drug, glibenclamide [0.6 mg/Kg, p.o.]. The results of this study indicate that the tested aqueous extract of Berberis integerrima root possesses hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic and antioxidant effects in STZ-induced diabetic rats

Small Dense LDL: Risk Factor for Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) and its Therapeutic Modulation.

Pathogenesis of coronary artery disease (CAD) is multi-factorial and many risk factors are associated with development of CAD. LDL-C has been an important target for therapeutic interventions and has been extensively studied. But, various studies have indicated that estimation of LDL-C is not enough to assess the risk. Moreover, LDL particles vary in their content, density and size which have different physico-chemical properties. In this paper, the role of small dense (sd) LDL in risk assessment for CAD and its response to different therapeutic modalities available have been reviewed.

Evaluation of antihyperlipidemic activity of ethanolic extract of Cassia auriculata flowers.

Hyperlipidemia is a major risk factor for development of coronary artery disease. Cassia auriculata is traditionally used in India for medicinal purposes. In this study, effect of ethanolic extract of Cassia auriculata flowers (Et-CAF) was investigated in Triton WR1339-induced hyperlipidemic rats. Treatment with the Et-CAF (450 mg/kg b.wt) significantly reduced the total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG) and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL) levels and significantly increased the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level associated with reduction of atherogenic index in hyperlipidemic rats. However, there was no change in the serum lipid profile of normal rats treated with Et-CAF alone. The results suggest that Et-CAF has a beneficial effect in treating hyperlipidemia and may serve as a potential drug for prevention of hyperlipidemic atherosclerosis.

Os efeitos do exercício resistido no metabolismo da lipoproteína de baixa densidade (LDL) e da lipoproteína de alta densidade (HDL), utilizando uma nanoemulsão semelhante a LDL / Effects of resistance exercise on the low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL) metabolism: utilizing an LDLlike nanoemulsion

Treinamento físico é considerado um dos principais instrumentos para promover um estilo de vida saudável. No entanto, os efeitos do treinamento resistido sobre as vias metabólicas, especialmente o metabolismo lipídico intravascular é em grande parte inexplorada e merece uma investigação mais aprofundada. No presente estudo nós avaliamos os efeitos do treinamento resistido sobre o metabolismo de uma nanoemulsão artificial lipídica e na transferência de lípides para HDL, uma importante etapa do metabolismo da HDL. A cinética plasmática da nanoemulsão artificial lipídica foi estudada em 15 homens saudáveis com treinamento resistido regular de 1-4 anos (idade = 25 ± 5 anos, VO2máx = 50 ± 6 mL/kg/min) e em 15 homens saudáveis sedentários (28 ± 7 anos, VO2máx = 35 ± 9 mL/kg/min). A nanoemulsão artificial lipídica marcada com éster de colesterol-14C e colesterol livre-3H foi injetada por via intravenosa, as amostras de plasma foram coletadas por 24 h para determinar curvas de cinéticas e a taxa fracional de remoção (TFR). Transferência de lípides para HDL foi determinada in vitro pela incubação de amostras de plasma com nanoemulsões (doadores de lípides) marcada com o isótopo radioativo colesterol livre, éster de colesterol, triglicérides e fosfolípides. Tamanho da HDL, atividade da paraoxonase 1 e os níveis de LDL oxidada também foram determinadas. Os dois grupos apresentaram LDL-colesterol, HDL-colesterol e triglicérides semelhantes, mas a LDL oxidada foi menor no grupo treinamento resistido (30 ± 9 vs 61 ± 19 U/L, p = 0,0005). No treinamento resistido, a nanoemulsão éster de colesterol-14C foi removida duas vezes mais rápido do que em indivíduos sedentários (TFR: 0,068 ± 0,023 vs 0,037 ± 0,028, p = 0,002), bem como o colesterol livre-3H (0,041 ± 0,025 vs 0,022 ± 0,023, p = 0,04). Embora ambos os componentes da nanoemulsão tenham sido removidos na mesma proporção em indivíduos sedentários, no grupo treinamento resistido o colesterol livre-3H...

Exercise training is considered one of the main instruments to promote a healthy lifestyle. However, effects resistance training on the metabolic pathways, specially the intravascular lipid metabolism is largely unexplored and deserves further investigation. In this study we evaluated the effects of resistance training on the metabolism of an LDL-like nanoemulsion and on lipid transfer to HDL, an important step of HDL metabolism. LDL-like nanoemulsion plasma kinetics was studied in 15 healthy men under regular resistance training for 1-4 years (age = 25 ± 5 years, VO2peak = 50 ± 6 mL/kg/min) and in 15 healthy sedentary men (28 ± 7 years, VO2peak = 35 ± 9 mL/kg/min). LDL-like nanoemulsion labeled with 14C-cholesteryl ester and 3H-free cholesterol was injected intravenously, plasma samples were collected over 24 h to determine kinetics curves and fractional clearance rates (FCR). Lipid transfer to HDL was determined in vitro by incubating of plasma samples with nanoemulsions (lipid donors) labeled with radioactive free cholesterol, cholesteryl ester, triglycerides and phospholipids. HDL size, paraoxonase 1 activity and oxidized LDL levels were also determined. The two groups showed similar LDL and HDL-cholesterol and triglycerides, but oxidized LDL was lower in resistance training group (30 ± 9 vs 61 ± 19 U/L, p = 0.0005). In resistance training, the nanoemulsion 14Ccholesteryl ester was removed twice as fast than in sedentary individuals (FCR: 0.068 ± 0.023 vs 0.037 ± 0.028, p = 0.002), as well as 3H-free cholesterol (0.041 ± 0.025 vs 0.022 ± 0.023, p = 0.04). While both nanoemulsion labels were removed at the same rate in sedentary individuals, in resistance training group 3H-free cholesterol was removed slower than 14C-cholesteryl ester (p = 0.005). HDL size, paraoxonase 1 and the transfer rates to HDL of the four lipids were the same in both groups. Therefore, we conclude that the resistance training accelerated the clearance of LDL-like nanoemulsion...

La obesidad incrementa el riesgo aterogénico en pacientes con síndrome de ovarios poliquísticos / Obesity increases the atherogenic risk in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome

Objetivo: establecer una relación entre las alteraciones de la glucosa, la insulina, el metabolismo de los lípidos, y los niveles hormonales en relación a la obesidad y la contextura corporal en mujeres con PCOS. Pacientes y métodos: estudio observacional tipo casos-controles, con 223 pacientes diagnosticadas de síndrome de ovarios poliquísticos (SOP) según los criterios de Rotterdam, y 25 controles sanas...

Paraoxonases : Structure, gene polymorphism & role in coronary artery disease.

Paraoxonases (PONs) i.e. PON1, PON2, PON3 are basically lactonases. Of these, PON1 in addition has an efficient esterase activity and can hydrolyze organophosphates. The PONs prevent low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) from peroxidation, thereby preventing atherosclerosis. The PON1 is exclusively associated with high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and its antioxidant activity is largely attributed to PON1 located on it. At present, PON1 status i.e. its activity and concentration, is considered to be more important than polymorphism alone, in prevention of coronary artery disease (CAD). Its activity has been found to be affected by a number of pharmacological agents, diet and other factors, thereby becoming a promising target for pharmacological intervention. The PON2 prevents cell mediated lipid peroxidation. However, little is known about the role of PON3. This review describes the structure, gene polymorphism, and factors affecting the activity of PONs, and their role in prevention of CAD.

Elevando el colesterol HDL: ¿Cuál es la mejor estrategia?: [revisão] / Raising HDL cholesterol: which is the best strategy?: [review]

Após atingir as metas para os níveis de LDL-colesterol, é imperativo alcançar a meta do HDL-colesterol, por suas conhecidas propriedades antiaterogênicas confirmadas amplamente em muitos estudos epidemiológicos. Esta revisão analisa de maneira objetiva e concisa as diversas alternativas disponíveis na prática clínica diária para aumentar os níveis de HDL-colesterol em nosoos pacientes, com o objetivo de alcançar melhores prognósticos em termos de morbimortalidade cardiovascular.

After having reached the objective for the LDL cholesterol levels, it becomes imperative to reach the objective for HDL cholesterol, known for its anti-atherogenic properties, generally confirmed in many epidemiological studies. This review deals, in a clear and concise manner, with the different alternatives available in daily clinical practice to raise the HDL cholesterol levels of patients, to achieve better outcomes in terms of morbidity and mortality in cardiovascular disease.

Conseqüências em longo prazo da deficiência do hormônio de crescimento / Long time consequences of the growth hormone deficiency

Este artigo descreve as conseqüências puras, em longo prazo, da deficiência isolada e vitalícia do hormônio de crescimento (GH) porque usa um modelo único de resistência ao hormônio liberador do GH (GHRH), em virtude da mutação homozigótica no gene do receptor do GHRH, em uma centena de indivíduos acometidos. Elas incluem baixa estatura grave com estatura final entre -9,6 a -5,2 desvios-padrão abaixo da média, com redução proporcional das dimensões ósseas, redução do volume da adenohipófise corrigido para o volume craniano e da tireóide, do útero, do baço e da massa ventricular esquerda, todos corrigidos para a superfície corporal, em contraste com o tamanho de pâncreas e fígado, maior que o de controles, quando igualmente corrigidos. As alterações características da composição corporal incluem redução acentuada da quantidade de massa magra (kg) e aumento do percentual de gordura com depósito predominante no abdome. Nos aspectos metabólicos são encontrados aumento de colesterol total e LDL, redução de insulina e do índice de resistência à insulina homeostasis model assessment, acompanhados de aumento da proteína C reativa de alta sensibilidade e da elevação da pressão arterial sistólica nos adultos, embora sem evidências de aterosclerose precoce. Outros achados incluem resistência óssea menor, embora acima do limiar de fraturas, puberdade atrasada, fertilidade normal, paridade diminuída, climatério antecipado e qualidade de vida normal.

This article describes the long time consequences of the isolated and lifetime growth hormone (GH) deficiency using a single model of GH releasing hormone resistance (GHRH) due to a homozygous mutation in the GHRH receptor gene, in a hundred of subjects. These consequences include severe short stature with final height between -9.6 and -5.2 standard deviations below of the mean, with proportional reductions of the bone dimensions; reduction of the anterior pituitary corrected to cranial volume and the thyroid, the uterus, the spleen and left ventricular mass volume, all corrected to body surface, in contrast of pancreas and liver size, bigger than in controls, when equally corrected. Body composition features included marked reduction in the amount of fat free mass (kg) and increase of fat mass percentage, with predominant abdominal deposit. In the metabolic aspects, we find increase in the total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol; reduction of the insulin and the insulin resistance assessed by Homeostasis model assessment; increase of ultra sensitive C reactive protein and systolic body pressure in adults, although without evidences of premature atherosclerosis. Other findings include smaller bone resistance, although above of the threshold of fractures, delayed puberty, normal fertility, small parity, anticipated climacteric and normal quality of life.

Lipoproteína A, "el colesterol malísimo" / A lipoprotein

La hiperlipidemia por lipoproteína a -LDL más apo a- es un factor de riesgo vascular aterotrombótico, familiar, independiente y poderoso, llamativamente desconsiderado. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo su mejor diagnóstico y tratamiento.

Niemann-Pick type C1 protein influences the delivery of cholesterol to the SREBP: SCAP complex

The proposed role of Niemann-Pick type C1 protein (NPC1) in the delivery of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol to the sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP):SREBP cleavage activation protein (SCAP) complex in the endoplasmic reticulum has been largely based on indirect studies and remains contentious. The major aim of the present study was to assess whether NPC1 is involved in the delivery of LDL cholesterol to the SREBP:SCAP complex. A cell line stably expressing green fluorescence protein-SCAP was cultured in the presence of U18666A, which can induce a Niemann-Pick type C disease phenotype, in order to locate the SREBP:SCAP complex by fluorescence microscopy. Our major finding was that defective NPC1 caused a delay in the ability of LDL cholesterol to suppress SREBP processing. This was shown in a time-course experiment by the effect of LDL on green fluorescence protein-SCAP movement when cells were treated with pharmacological agents to induce a Niemann-Pick type C disease phenotype. We demonstrated directly by fluorescence microscopy that defective NPC1 causes a delay in LDL cholesterol delivery to the endoplasmic reticulum where SCAP senses cholesterol.

Isolation of flavonoids from Dolichos biflorus Linn, and evaluation of their antilipidemic activity in rabbits fed with high fat diet

Flavonoids from Dolichos biflorus Linn, were isolated and screened for antilipidemic activity on rabbits fed with high fat diet [HFD]. Methanolic extract of Dolichos biflorus was fractionated with hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol. Ethyl acetate fraction which showed maximum flavonoid yield, was fractionated by column chromatography and estimated for flavonoids [total phenol] content. High fat diet rabbits showed significantly increased level of plasma and tissue total cholesterol, triglyceride, free fatty acids, phospholipids, plasma LDL cholesterol and decreased level of plasma HDL cholesterol. Administration of isolated flavonoids from Dolichos biflorus to high fat diet rabbits showed near to normal [control] level of the above lipid profiles in plasma and tissues. Hence it is concluded that flavonoids of Dolichos biflorus possess antilipidemic activity in high fat diet fed rabbits

Paraoxonase (PON1) activity in north west Indian Punjabis with coronary artery disease & type 2 diabetes mellitus.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: Paraoxonase (PON1), an arylesterase is associated with high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). PON1 prevents low density lipo-protein cholesterol (LDL-C) from peroxidation and can also hydrolyze lipid peroxides, thereby providing protection against atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease (CAD). The incidence of CAD is known to be high in north western Indian Punjabis. Though many factors may play a role in its pathogenesis, low PON1 activity could be an independent risk factor. We carried out this study to determine PON1 activity in north-west Indian Punjabi patients with CAD with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus and compared with healthy individuals. METHODS: A total of 120 patients with angiographically proven CAD (57 with and 63 without type II diabetes mellitus) and 19 healthy controls were studied for plasma PON1 activity and lipid variables. Comparison was undertaken between CAD patients and healthy controls and between CAD patients with and without type II DM. RESULTS: Significantly lower plasma PON1 activity (P<0.05) along with lower HDL-C (P<0.001) and higher LDL-C (P<0.05) levels were observed in CAD patients as compared to healthy controls. On univariate analysis of variance after adjusting for age and sex, no significant difference could be observed between PON1 activity and age and sex. On discriminant analysis, no clear cut-off could be observed in PON1 activity between patients CAD and controls. Similarly between CAD with and without patients type II diabetes mellitus, there was no significant difference in PON1 activity and lipids. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: The low plasma PON1 activity irrespective of being diabetic may be an independent risk factor for CAD in north-western Indian Punjabi population. Similar studies involving larger samples in different ethnic groups in India need to be done to find out the role of PON1 activity in CAD.

Los jugos de cítricos inhiben la oxidación de lipoproteínas de baja densidad: relación entre actividad captadora de radicales libres y movilidad electroforética / Citrus juice inhibits low density lipoprotein oxidation: relationship between free radical scavenger activity and electrophoretic mobility

Epidemiological studies have shown that consumption of fruits and vegetables are associated with beneficial effects on human health including the reduction of coronary artery disease (CAD) risk. Fruits and their juices contain phytochemicals that inhibit in vitro the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation, a key process involved in the generation of arterial lessions. We developed an study to examine the phenolics compound content of citrus juice cultivated in the southwest of Antioquia, Colombia, its free radical scavenger activity and in vitro effect on LDL oxidation. Five citrus varieties were analyzed: Citrus sinensis valencia, Citrus reticulata clementina, Citrus reticulata oneco, Tangelo Orlando and Tangelo mineola. The results showed that no correlation exists between phenolic compounds content and free radical scavenger activity in the citrus juices analyzed. However a high inhibitory capacity of LDL oxidation was found.

Estudios epidemiológicos han demostrado que el consumo de frutas y vegetales se asocia con efectos beneficiosos sobre la salud humana, incluyendo reducción del riesgo de enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECV). Las frutas y sus jugos contienen compuestos que inhiben la oxidación de Lipoproteínas de Baja Densidad (LDL), un proceso clave en el desarrollo de la lesión arterial. Se ha desarrollado un estudio para determinar el contenido de compuestos fenólicos, la actividad captadora de radicales libres y el efecto sobre la oxidación de LDL, de jugos de cítricos cultivados en el suroeste de Antioquia (Colombia). Cinco variedades de cítricos fueron analizadas: Citrus sinensis valencia, Citrus reticulata clementina, Citrus reticulata oneco, Tangelo orlando, Tangelo mineola. Se demostró que en estos jugos no existe correlación entre el contenido de compuestos fenólicos y la actividad captadora de radicales libres (ACRL), sin embargo, se encontró una alta capacidad para inhibir la oxidación de LDL.